Truth in the Age of Clickbait: A Review of Social Media Misinformation Through Case Studies

Abstract

The rapid dissemination of misinformation through social media platforms has profound implications for public health, particularly in the context of health-related information. Platforms such as Facebook, Instagram, YouTube, TikTok, and WhatsApp serve as critical channels for public health communication, fostering awareness and interaction between health authorities and the public. However, these platforms have also emerged as significant conduits for misinformation, contributing to adverse public health outcomes. This study employs a qualitative case study methodology to investigate the spread and impact of health-related misinformation, drawing on content analysis from five credible online news outlets: The Guardian, Reuters, WIRED, The Indian Express, and Politico. Seven case studies are examined, focusing on misinformation surrounding vaccinations, erroneous health claims, and preventable health crises, and their consequences, including vaccine hesitancy and self-diagnosis. The research further explores the mechanisms driving misinformation dissemination, such as the role of social media influencers, algorithmic amplification, and geopolitical agendas, while evaluating the accountability of digital platforms in shaping health narratives. Findings reveal that misinformation spreads more rapidly than accurate information, exacerbated by algorithmic promotion and influential personalities, resulting in significant public health challenges, particularly reduced vaccine acceptance. By applying Framing, Agenda-Setting, and Spiral of Silence theories, this study analyzes how misinformation is constructed, prioritized, and perpetuated within digital ecosystems, offering a comprehensive framework for understanding the interplay between social media dynamics and health-related behaviors in the modern digital era.